COLL100 QUIZ 2 - 1491 Words

Question 1 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points What is the location of the page number on any APA formatted page? A.Top right hand side of the paper and in the header. B.Top left hand side of the paper and in the header. C.Bottom right hand side of the paper and in the footer. D.Bottom left hand side of the paper and in the footer. Question 2 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points If the copyright date of a source is not provided then you should A.simply not include the date in either the reference or citation. B.omit the date in the citation but use the acronym n.d. (no date) in the reference page. C.use the acronym n.d. (no date) in both the citation and reference. D.bold the source. Question 3 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points Read this section of text from†¦show more content†¦D.All of the above. Feedback: (answer located on slide 2 of the Citations PowerPoint slide show) Question 11 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points From the APUS Plagiarism Policy (2014): â€Å"Plagiarism is the adoption or incorporation of another’s ideas without proper attribution of the source. It is more simply defined as taking the writings of another person or people and representing them to be one’s own† and, therefore: A.It is the student’s obligation to read, understand, and comply with the University System’s plagiarism policy. B.It is acceptable to use someone else’s paper and turn it in as your own. C.You only need to credit sources when writing a research paper, not any other format or style or writing. D.As long as you rearrange the words from another person or people you don’t have to give credit. Question 12 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points In an APA formatted reference, a journal name and the volume number of the journal are italicized. True False Feedback: (answer located in the Citation and Plagiarism PowerPoint, APA Guide from the APUS Library, and the Basics of APA Style Tutorial) Question 13 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points In an APA formatted paper the page containing information about the sources that were cited is titled _______________________. A.References B.Works Cited C.Compilation of Sources D.Bibliography Question 14 of 20 0.5/ 0.5 Points Please read the following original text from the 2014 APUS Student

Essay about Corporate Culture - 1502 Words

Corporate Culture The culture of an organization is the set of values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that helps its members understand what the organization stands for, how it does things, and what it considers important(Griffin, 49). In other words, the way things work around here (Dr. Williams). In order for any small business or large corporation to be successful, the employees must understand what is expected of them. While things might be slightly different in a large corporation versus a small mom and pop shop, the goal of both is the same. MAKE THE BUSINESS MONEY. The topic of my paper will be on makes a good corporate culture. Running a business is not so much about the particular business but instead about†¦show more content†¦If a company wishes to better leadership qualities then the company should encourage and active participation in technical organizations, engineering associations, and community affairs (Chapin, 1). Dedication to ones own company is doing what is expected of you and then giving more that people expect (Chapin, 2). Steven Chapin suggests giving customers 10% more than the agreement calls for. While this might seem like a waste, it makes the client happy and your extra effort is actually a cost-effective marketing tool (Chapin, 2). Giving the same amount of effort in the office as you give a client not only builds a solid team but creates a more rewarding work environment (Chapin, 2). Dedication builds two good things: Better relationships with the clients and better corporate culture. The last Building block according to Chapin is Service. Giving excellent service to a clien t can sometimes make up for any mistake that may have happened in the delivery of a product and how fast you respond to correct the error can keep that customer with your company. Thomas C. Mawhinney has a different approach to making a good corporate culture. His six ideas are the managers behavior, employee selection, the external culture, establishing a clear corporate mission, keep the mission up front, managers must reflect the desired culture, and employees learning must be ongoing, (Mawhinney, 23-74).Show MoreRelatedCorporate Culture2059 Words   |  9 PagesUtilising the video case study of ‘Egg Finance (Slave Nation, Channel 4), critically examine the extent to which corporate culture is used as an effective tool for the achievement of organizational goals. Corporate Culture is widely used in many organisations and has a variety of definitions. It has been defined by Koozes, Caldwell Posner cited by Moorhead/Griffin, (1989:494) as: a set of shared, enduring beliefs communicated through a variety of symbolic media, creating meaning in peoplesRead MoreCorporate Culture1466 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate culture is the collective behaviour of people using common corporate vision, goals, shared values, beliefs, habits, working language, systems, and symbols. It is interwoven with processes, technologies, learning and significant events. In addition, different individuals bring to the workplace their own uniqueness, knowledge, and ethnic culture. So corporate culture encompasses moral, social, and behavioral norms of your organization based on the values, beliefs, attitudes, and prioritiesRead MoreThe Impact Of Aetna On Corporate Culture1125 Words   |  5 Pagesa change in corporate culture. In 2000, Aetna could be described as a company plagued by inefficient processes, huge overhead and unrealistic mergers. At this point, the company was losing $1M per day. The organization had seen four CEO’s in five years and expecting the same inconsistent results when welcoming th e latest. John W. Rowe, MD was that fourth CEO and what he brought to the company was not what anyone was expecting. Past Culture In the times before the shift in culture, Aetna was knownRead More The BMW Corporate Culture Essay783 Words   |  4 Pages When asked to describe the culture at BMW, to do that one must first give a few definitions of the word culture that would give the most accurate description. First would be â€Å"The sum of attitudes, customs, and beliefs that distinguishes one group of people from another. Culture is transmitted, through language, material objects, rituals institutions which can be connected to motivation, and art, from one generation to the next.† Motivated employees that show commitment to their tasks has provenRead MoreDominos Impact On Corporate Culture1632 Words   |  7 Pagesstall and analysts wondered how the company would survive entering the twenty-first century. Since then, Domino’s has aggressively targeted the weaknesses in their corporate culture, firmly establishing their place as an industry leader (Lisovicz, 2010). Changing Domino’s culture Domino’s recognized it had become stuck in a culture that failed to fit in to a technological world, and struggled under the weight of an inflexible top-heavy bureaucracy. The company experienced an average turnover rateRead MoreThe Concept Of Corporate Culture1158 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction This paper is divided into two parts. The first part explores the concept of corporate culture, looks at the levels in which corporate culture exists and explains the three stages model. The second part analyze and discuss the idea of autonomy and how is it applied as a motivator using the work of Dr. Edgar Schein as a point of reference. Overview Corporate culture is considered a relatively new field of study in business. Management scholars started paying attention to the conceptRead MoreEssay on Corporate Culture2039 Words   |  9 PagesCorporate Culture Utilising the video case study of ‘Egg Finance’ (Slave Nation, Channel 4), critically examine the extent to which corporate culture is used as an effective tool for the achievement of organizational goals. Corporate Culture is widely used in many organisations and has a variety of definitions. It has been defined by Koozes, Caldwell Posner cited by Moorhead/Griffin, (1989:494) as: â€Å"a set of shared, enduring beliefs communicated through a variety of symbolic media, creatingRead MoreThe Six Elements Of Corporate Culture Essay2018 Words   |  9 Pages Culture is a â€Å"way of life† whether in the context of a corporate or ethnic setting. Organisational Culture is the behavior of humans within an organization and the meaning that people attach to those behaviors. Culture includes the organization s vision, values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits. According to Deal and Kennedy’s cultural model Stories, Rituals and Routines, Symbols, Organizational Structure, Control Systems, and Power Structures are the six elementsRead MoreCorporate Culture And Its Impact On The Workplace881 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate culture is refers to as the beliefs and behaviors that determine how a company employees and management interact and handle outside business transactions. It s the attitudes, standards, and beliefs that characterize members of an organization and which defines its nature. Cor porate culture by definition affects a firm s operations as information is passed from management downward and outward, through the organization. it is also stated that, a healthy company culture may increase employeesRead MoreThe Corporate Soul is the Culture of an Organization653 Words   |  3 Pages ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE INTRODUCTION: Just as society has a culture, so has an organization. Organizational culture has been called ‘Corporate soul’ (Singh and Paul 1985). The spirit and the ethos that precolates all aspects of organizational behavior and like societal cultureit cannot be seen directly. It has to be inferred by peeling out the most external, tangible, and hence visible sheaths of an organization to the most central and invisible values, beliefs, and assumptions regarding

Personality Reflection for Leadership and Conflict Resolution

Question: Discuss about thePersonality Reflection for Leadership and Conflict Resolution. Answer: Evaluation through Johari window Johari window is having mainly four quadrants including open area, blind spot, hidden area and unknown area. I have contacted with my cousins in doing the assessment of mine and the result of them varies in terms of different elements with my own assessment result. I order to evaluate the results, I will use johari window model. According to this mode, the first element is the open space. This refers to the public aspects and characteristics, which are known to me as well as to my peers. According to the assessment test, it is identified that the both of my cousins are having the opinion that I am more attentive towards the words used by the opposite person when listening compared to what they actually mean. I am also having the same opinion. Thus, this characteristic of mine is in the open area of the johari window, which denotes this characteristic of mine is known to me and others (Tran 2016). Thus, it can be concluded the listening trait of mine is known to others apart from me. Another public area identified is my favorite subject in school, which is English. The response from my cousins is same as of mine. Thus, it denotes that my qualification and education skills are kept in the open area according to the johari window. The next element of the Johari window is the blind spot that denotes the characteristics not known to me but known to others. According to the assessment result, i have given the opinion that I am uncomfortable in meeting and taking with the new people. However, the response of my cousins denotes that I am comfortable in talking to a new person (Saxena 2015). Thus, it is blind spot for me, which is not known to me but to others. This may happened due to the reason that I may not have the experience of how effectively I deal with the new people, which is noticed by other people. Thus this is not known to me. The next element is the hidden area. This area denotes the space, which is known to me but unknown to others. According to the assessment, it is identified that my cousins are not having the idea about my habit of keeping diary with me. It is only known to me. This is due to the reason keeping a diary with me is a secret aspect that should not be communicated with me. The last asp ect is the unknown space. This denotes the area which is not known to me or others. It is identified that the interpersonal skill including the leadership skills are not known to me neither to my cousins. However, the result of the assessments of mine and my cousins are denoting that I am having leadership skills. However, it was not known to me or to my cousins. Identification of the strengths and weaknesses One of my major strengths identified is predicting my feelings and behaviors in different situations. This helps me in determining the consequences in a certain situation and can pre-determine the steps that should be taken. Another positive factor of mine identified is my own realization about my strengths and weaknesses. I am well aware about my own strengths and weaknesses and have clear and precise idea how to overcome the weaknesses. This also helps me in having clear idea about my limitations beyond which I should not go. Another strength of mine is staying clear and simple in any situation and at any point of time. This helps me in staying free from any complexities and be able to communicate my views clearly to the targeted person. However, apart from the strengths, there are few weaknesses also being identified for me. One of the major weaknesses is reluctance in accepting the irrational behavior of the people. Though in this case, I am right from my own point of view but in the current scenario, it will be treated as a negative factor. This is due to the reason that there will be different types of people in the business environment and I should have the capability to adjust to all of them. However, in my case, I cannot be able to get adjust with people with having irrational behavior. This will reduce my effectiveness in the real life situation. Another major weakness identified is my lack of expertise in budgeting and managing money. This will also prove challenging due to the reason that I will face difficulty in the further life regarding money management. This will also limit my potentiality in the business scenario in the further stage. Recommended steps for improvement One of the major competencies that should be developed by me is having the capability to adjust with different types of people with having different traits. Development of this competency will help me to function well as global citizen (Reysen and Katzarska-Miller 2013). This is due to the reason that in a culturally diverse organization, competency of adjusting with different kinds of people will help me to have more acceptances among the peers. This will also help me in effectively communicating with the peers from different social and cultural groups. In the case of the culturally diverse organization, internal stakeholders will have different opinions and approaches and having adjustment capability will help me to get adjusted with all of them. Another important competency that should also be developed by me is managerial skills, which will include communicating with new people and being more effective in calculations and budgeting. This is important due to the reason that developing my managerial skills will help me in managing the culturally diverse organizations (Kor and Mesko 2013). For instance, in a culturally diverse organization, I may get assigned in a tem where majority of the team members are from different social groups. Thus, at that point of time, it is the managerial skill of mine that will help in managing the different social groups effectively. According to me, developing the managerial skills will also include budgeting skills and communication skills. In earlier assessments, it was identified that I was lacking in terms of budgeting and calculations skills. Thus, to be a global citizen and working in a culturally diverse organization, I should develop effective communication skills in order to meet up wi th the new people and identify their attributes (Lolli 2013). As I already have the strengths of determining the attributes of people by their body language, so developing only the communication skills will help me I having effective managerial skills in place. Conclusion Thus, it is concluded that there are number of positive and negative factors being identified in my personal assessments. Some factors are known to everyone and some are known only to me. In addition, some factors are unknown in general. In this essay, I have discussed about the differences between the opinion of mine and my cousins and it is seen that there are number of traits that are not known to my close ones but they known to me. In this essay, I also discussed about the areas of improvement and competencies that should be developed in order to have more eligibility in being a global citizen. Reference Kor, Y.Y. and Mesko, A., 2013. Dynamic managerial capabilities: Configuration and orchestration of top executives' capabilities and the firm's dominant logic.Strategic Management Journal,34(2), pp.233-244. Lolli, J.C., 2013. Interpersonal communication skills and the young hospitality leader: Are they prepared?.International journal of hospitality management,32, pp.295-298. Reysen, S. and Katzarska?Miller, I., 2013. A model of global citizenship: Antecedents and outcomes.International Journal of Psychology,48(5), pp.858-870. Saxena, P., 2015. JOHARI WINDOW: An Effective Model for Improving Interpersonal Communication and Managerial Effectiveness.SIT Journal of Management,5(2), pp.134-146. Tran, B., 2016. Communication: The Role of the Johari Window on.Handbook of research on effective communication, leadership, and conflict resolution,405.

Untitled Essay Example For Students

Untitled Essay Find amazing sales, clearances deals at MSN eShops Bargain Center Help MSN Home My MSNThursday, Jan 24 MSN Home | My MSN | Hotmail | Search | Shopping | Money | People ; Chat Click here to unveil the Volvo XC90Search the WebMSN ChannelsAutos 2002Multimedia Gallery, Car Creator, PricesBusinessCareersCity GuidesEntertainmentGamesHealthHouse ; HomeKidsLearning ; ResearchLove ; RelationshipsMusic ; RadioNewsTech ; GadgetsTravelValentines DayGifts for Her, For Him, JewelryWomenMy MSNVisit My MSN to get your Hotmail, stock quotes, local weather and more!SpotlightTry MSN Broadband: faster Internet, 2 months freeFeatured TodayeDietsA wealth of info from Americas premier online weight loss web siteADD eDietsto My MSN PageVideo: 2002 NAIAS coverage from DetroitDigital Garage: tips for winter road tripsGreat finance and lease offers on Volvo carsExploreAir TicketsAuctionsBuy BooksBuy FlowersBuy Music MoviesDownloadsHotel DealsInternet Access SpecialsLiquidations: Save $$Send MoneyWireless Upd atesMore We will write a custom essay on Untitled specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now PlayShare PhotosHear MusicFree GamesBroadband ShowcaseGreeting CardsHoroscopesPersonalsCartoonsChat RoomsInstant MessagingLottery ResultsMore FindStock QuotesYellow PagesWhite PagesOld FriendsPeople on MSNEncarta EncyclopediaTraffic UpdatesMaps DirectionsCalendarWeatherEvent TicketsFind a JobGet an ApartmentClassifiedsSports ScoresTV ListingsMore MSN WorldwideUS SpanishCanadaMexicoUKIndiaMore 10 in-demand job skillsTech, teaching more: How marketable are you? Today on MSNUS deficit threatEchinaceas allergy linkIs your TV a turn-off?Free bed of roses kitMarket valueDo slick ads work?Cut stock risks: 4 waysBest cheap lunch spotsRoad risk: Does your car pass the penny test?Inside the White House: See the real West WingTech Trends ToysWill your DVD player be obsolete soon?Telecom to reboundNew audio/video toysDisney game for PDAsFind your way fastTry new MSN MapPoint for driving directionsMSN Top Headlines more MSNBC NewsAmerican Taliban to hear chargesWSJ: Enron CEO resignsAmericans remain in war mindsetSlate: Opinion CommentaryHow to broadcast the terror trialsESPN SportsTyson apologizes for outburst sort ofPressure builds for NFLs final fourPlayers open to NFL expansion draftCNBC on MSN Money more Stock QuotesDatek | Ameritrade | ShareBuilder | CitibankName Last Change % Chg Dow 9,850.11 +119.15 +1.22% Nasdaq 1,955.63 +33.25 +1.73% SP 1,137.68 +9.50 +0.84% Quotes by SP , 20 min. delay Update Get Quote Market Report | News | Top 10 | Trading MSN Shopping more Todays Sales DealsEddie Bauer Sale on now Up to 70% off at OrvisInsulated travel cup20% off Dreamy Dog BedsWeekly camera specials12 storage essentialsWhats Hot Right NowSuperbowl Guide | Jewelry Watches | Flowers | Lingerie | Gift Advice MSN Specials more High-tech tubesSmart remotes, plasma screens more: See new TV trendsWhats new in 2002Take a diet weight-loss quizHow a penny can save your carThis Week on MSN10 best US ski resortsIs it Miller time in Salt Lake?MSN Links Resources more From MSNResource CenterTry MSN TVCalendar RemindersInternet access dealsGet an MSN CompanionMSN on your cell phoneMSN MessengerFree MSN ExplorerSet MSN as your HomepageFrom MicrosoftMicrosoft.comSmall Business ServicesWindows UpdateOffice ToolsPocket PCXbox.comOther ResourcesContact MSNGet Help with MSNAdvertise on MSNLocal ResourcesZIP Get local news, weather, and regional information for any city More Useful Everyday MSN Home | My MSN | Hotmail | Search | Shopping | Money | People Chat 2002 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Terms of Use Advertise TRUSTe Approved Privacy Statement GetNetWise

THE MONOLOGUE essays

THE MONOLOGUE essays It all started when I was out with the guys at this bar. I told myself I wouldn't, but I ended up drinking. Its hard to go to a bar and not have ANYTHING. I told my wife I wouldn't drink anything, but that idea soon went out of focus...literally. I just needed to take my mind off being so completely in debt. Soon the place became very crowded, a few drinks turned into many and soon got tanked including me. I decided to leave the scene and take a power walk. As I was walking down the street, it occured to me...I really needed some towels from Bed, Bath and Beyond. As I walked in the store I got a basket and started shopping like a maniac. I mean...I went absolutely psycho-path and decided that I need more. It just wasn't the towels that I needed, our house needed blankets, throws, tea kettles, a new filtration system, a ceiling pot rack, napkin rings, lamps, suana robes, a new clock, candle and candles holders and an aerobed for my grandparents since they're coming to visit. They really should have a warning sign right at the entrance of this place, it can put you in debt. Once you step in, you think you need everything. As I was at the cash register to pay for all my items, the lady told me if I wanted cash or credit. I wasn 't sure...just looking at all the items in my basket made me go crazy. I was speechless. She told me to hold up one finger for credit and two fingers for cash. I held up one finger. I then came to my senses and gave her my Mastercard. As she ran it through the machine, the trickles of sweat kept pouring down my face. By the look on her face I knew there was bad news. I heard her deep voice say in super slow motion, "I'm sorry sir, your credit card got denied. Would you like me to swipe it again?" I hate that dreaded word,"denied." I was completely denied. I left all the stuff and ran into my car. Luckily, I knew where it was parked. Sadly, I got a $100 ticket for parking next to a fire hydrant. That just ...

Adjective Phrase Definition and Examples

Adjective Phrase Definition and Examples In English grammar, an adjective phrase is a group of words that functions as an adjective  in a sentence. An adjective headword may be accompanied by modifiers, determiners, and/or qualifiers  (all of which are called dependents). Also known as an  adjectival phrase.   Adjective phrases modify nouns. They may be attributive (appearing before the noun) or predicative (appearing after a linking verb), but not all adjectives can be used in both positions. Examples and Observations The prototypical adjective phrase consists of a single adjective, tall in Sally is tall, or an adjective headword and a qualifier, very tall. Even taller than the woman who coaches her volleyball team is more elaborate, but because it can substitute for the single adjective tall (Sally is even  taller than the woman who coaches her volleyball team), you can recognize it as an adjective phrase.(Thomas P. Klammer et al., Analyzing English Grammar, 5th ed. Pearson, 2007)Humans can be fairly ridiculous animals.(Barbara Kingsolver, Animal, Vegetable, Miracle: A Year of Food Life, 2007)The unicorn blinked and swished its tail and  looked fairly ridiculous  on the folding tabletop.(Steven R. Boyett, Elegy Beach, 2009)  Tina lost her dark brown briefcase.Mr. Sweet was a tall, thinnish man with thick kinky hair going dead white.  He  was dark brown, his eyes were very squinty and sort of bluish, and he chewed Brown Mule tobacco.(Alice Walker, To Hell With Dying, 1967)After Dons ac cident, his behavior grew stranger and stranger. You  want a second opinion? O.K.  says the doctor. Youre ugly, too.  She liked that joke. She thought  it was terribly, terribly funny.(Lorrie Moore, Youre Ugly, Too, 1990) Premodifiers, Postmodifiers, and Discontinuous Modifiers An adjective phrase consists of an adjective which may be preceded and/or followed by other words. The premodifier is always an adverb phrase, but the post-modifiers can be an adverb phrase, a prepositional phrase, or even a clause. It is also possible to have a modifier that is partly in front and partly behind the head, called a discontinuous modifier, abbreviated as disc-mod. (Marjolijn Verspoor and Kim Sauter, English Sentence Analysis: An Introductory Course. John Benjamins, 2000) Noun Phrases and Adjective Phrases There may be very little difference between a noun phrase and an adjective phrase in structures where the adjectives occur before the word it qualifies. Most noun phrases consist of a head noun plus one or more adjectives, or indeed an adjective phrase itself. Consider the examples in a, below. a. [ADJECTIVE PHRASES]It was cold, bleak, biting weather.Hes an extraordinary looking man, and yet I can really name nothing out of the way.In Beijing these days, one of the fastest-growing fortunes the world has ever seen is managed by fewer than two-dozen traders.This was a hearty, healthy, dapper, red-faced gentleman, with a shock of hair prematurely white, and a boisterous and decided manner. In each of these examples, if we include the italicized head nouns, we have noun phrases with embedded adjective phrases; without the head nouns, we have adjective phrases. The focus is always on the head word (HW). (Bernard ODwyer, Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position. Broadview, 2006) Phrases Within Phrases [C]onsider . . . our example: The young man picked the best bloom from the very delicate orchid. The sequence from the very delicate orchid is a prepositional phrase. The prepositional phrase consists of a noun phrase and a preposition. One can demonstrate that the sequence from the very delicate orchid is a coherent group of words by moving it as in: From the very delicate orchid the young man picked the best bloom. The word very is an intensifying adverb and it modifies delicate to form an adjective phrase within the noun phrase within the prepositional phrase. This phrase-within-a-phrase structure is shown by bracketing below: [The young man] picked the best bloom [from [the [very delicate] orchid]]. We could add very carefully to this sentence. Since carefully is an adverb and very is an intensifying adverb modifying it, very carefully would be an adverb phrase.(Barry J. Blake, All About Language. Oxford University Press, 2008)

Territorial Disagreements between the Jewish People and the Research Paper

Territorial Disagreements between the Jewish People and the Palestinian Arabs - Research Paper Example According to this Declaration, the British government supported the Zionist movement which demanded territory in Palestine exclusively for the Jews. This territory would provide all the legal and civil rights to the Jews. With the Balfour Declaration, the British government established a national home for the Jews without violating the rights of the existing non-Jews in Palestine or the rights of the Jews in any other country (Gelvin, 2005). Both the communities asserted their legal claim on Palestine. While the Jews demanded that they have historical rights over the territory, the Arabs have claimed that they have inhabited Palestine for many centuries (Khater, 2010, p.143). It is only political stubbornness that is causing hindrance to peace between the Israelis and the Arabs. There has been already a proposal that dictates that the two sides should accept the division of the territory into two states. This proposal has been advocated globally, and even by the majority of ordinary Israelis and Palestinians. It now remains that the leaders on both sides come to a common agreement. Even though proposals from both sides are very close, still the current Israeli Prime Minister shows no sign of relent claiming that the conflict cannot be solved (Hill, 2012). As another possible solution there can be a one-state solution by which Jews and Arabs will stay together with common political and social rights. However, seeing the murderous hatred between them even this cannot be a viable solution as this can only probably cause another holocaust. The impact of World War I can be long-lasting in the Middle Eastern region.  

Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Assignment - Research Paper Example Therefore, in order for the businesses to remain competitive, advertising and fashion shows have become important activities that aim at attracting the customers. However, the level at which models with low body mass index is used in fashion shows and advertising within the fashion arts is alarming. This paper will therefore discuss reasons why use of models with low body mass index in fashion shows and advertising within the fashion arts should be banned. The largest market segment composes of the young generation. These are people who are willing to use their disposable money on luxurious goods. Therefore, they are easily swayed by the models with low body mass index. With the changing perception concerning the fashion industry, many of the young people want to look like the models that are used in the fashion shows and adverts of the fashion arts. Even though majority of them do not have the knowledge on losing weight, they try to use any means available to look like the fashion models. For instance, research indicates that many turn to diet in order to reduce their body mass index (Perrier 27). This is through reducing the amount of food they take or skipping some of the meals. Majority of these people ends up being malnourished or suffering from diseases that are associated with poor feeding habits. On the other hand, other groups of people have turned their attention to drugs that are perceived to help the users reduce the body mass index. Some of these drugs have devastating side effects. Majority of the users suffer from body reactions that emanates from the use of the drugs. This is because there are no prescribed ways of using them. Furthermore, majority of them are misled and do not have the information on the repercussions of these drugs on their bodies. Therefore, during fashion shows and fashion adverts, models used should be a representative of the whole population. These are people of all body sizes. Nevertheless, during

Laws Special Education Essay Example for Free

Laws Special Education Essay Prior to 1969, there was no special education or related services offered to learning-disabled children. By providing funds, the Public Law of 1969 known as the Children with Specific Learning Disabilities Act has recognized children with learning disabilities (Berger, 2008, p. 302) and enabled them to receive special education and other services such as physical therapy, speech, transportation, etc. In addition, by enforcing mandated education for all children, the Public Law has protected children with disabilities from being rejected or forced out of school as it used to happen before 1960s (Berger, 2008, p.302). By requiring local educational agencies to offer special education services for students with disabilities (Dunlap, 2009, p. 5), the Public Law provided parents/guardians with the opportunity to receive necessary assistance. As of 1975, the Education of All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) required each child with disabilities to have the Individual Education Plan (IEP) written by the multidisciplinary team working with the student, which allowed specifying educational goals according to childs unique needs. Also, by placing children with special needs in least restrictive environment (a setting as close as possible to a setting designed for children without disabilities), the EAHCA has helped the students with learning disabilities to advance their academic achievement and social skills (Berger, 2008, p. 302). Since the integration of EAHCA in 1975, the parental participation in the writing, approval, and evaluation of each child’s IEP has become mandatory (Dunlap, 2009, p. 91). The EAHCA also guarantees parents the right to sue a district if they feel that the best interest of their child is not being met or if they disagree with decisions regarding services provided to their child (Dunlap, 2009, p. 7). Since 1990, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has worked in favor of â€Å"individuals† (previously referred to as children) to assist them with their â€Å"disabilities† (previously referred to as handicaps) (Berger, 2008, p. 302). IDEA emphasized parents right and collaboration in educational placement, IEP, and assessment of their child (Dunlap, 2009, p. 11). This law allowed parents to have advocates in schools (trained individuals to work for the welfare of their children). Updated in 1997 and 2004, IDEA strengthened the role of parents and their rights to be involved in educational decisions affecting their children. As these laws have contributed to the present status of Special Education in the U. S. , they continue being crucial in ensuring the help that individuals with disabilities need. While the public law makers have incorporated numerous special services, they keep modifying previously integrated laws to ensure that each child’s unique needs are met. The IDEA of 1990, for example, added autism as classification category to address current disability (Dunlap, 2009, p. 9). Its amendment of 1997 listed AD/HD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) as a â€Å"separate disability category, making children with AD/HD eligible for services under the health-impairment category Other† (Dunlap, 2009, p. 11). Bibliography Berger, K. S. (2008) The developing person: Through the life span (7th ed. ) (pp. 301-305). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Dunlap, L. L. (2009). An introduction to early childhood special education: Birth to age five. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc..

turkey Essays -- essays research papers

The Turkish Republic was established in 1923, after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The Empire had been slowly declining for several centeries, this can be attributed to its inablity to keep up scientificaly and the socail and political wars. Finally the Lausanne Peacem Treaty of July 24, 1923 established the international status and boundaries of the new country. The Republic of Turkey was formally declared on October 29, 1923. It immediatly started on a course of modernization in all walks of life. Turkey would base its political and legal sytems on the modern secular models as well as strengthening its political relations with the West to reach its goals as a new republic. The goals as expressed by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the leader of the nationalist movement and first president of the Turkish Republic, were "to reach the level of contemporary civilization". To achieve these goals, a doctirne for foreign relations was created; as Atarurk said, "Peace at home, Peace in the world." This has not been and easy task, the history and geographical location of Turkey. It lies at a "crossroads" where the two large continents of Europe and Asia meet. This unique location gives Turkey a very diverse populations, Balkan, Mediterranean, Middle Eastersn, Caucasian and Asian identities. This has highly influenced its Foreign Polocy. Its primary objective is in short to develope friendly relations with all countries, most partic...

Human nature Essay

Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is a classic work that weaves intolerance, religion, hysteria and vested interests to paint one of the serious human pitfalls in history. At the heart of the Crucible is conflict fueled by personal interests – meaning, evil is more difficult to handle if it manifest itself in groups of people, but that these groups are formed because of a few people’s vested interests. The Crucible shows this clearly, which makes it a relevant work of literature today even if it made its debut more than fifty years ago. After all, the problems we are facing today are, in their most basic forms, the same – fight for resources, struggle for survival, battle for honor. The story begins when the daughter of the local preacher Reverend Parris, Betty has fallen ill. Parris has seen his daughter dancing in the woods with his niece, Abigail Williams, and his slave, Tituba, and a group of girls. He thinks that the girls must have been dabbling in witchcraft. Parris is worried about his reputation in the community – Salem being a Puritanical village, with its strict observance of rules and religion. Parris wants to make sure that his reputation stays intact, his name clean. There are those who are interested with his position being the reverend. He asks his niece if he has nothing to worry about, Abigail denies the charges. Parris asks her if her name has been soiled, since there are rumors going around that Elizabeth Proctor would not sit close next to a soiled woman, and that Elizabeth has stopped attending Church religiously. And then no one wanted to hire her. Abigail comes back at him telling him that he thinks she is a burden because of the upkeep of having her. Abigail actually calls the girls and tells them not to admit anything when John Proctor comes in and talks to her. Apparently, they have had an affair a year ago when she worked for him, that is why his wife Elizabeth fired her. Abigail still wants John, but he does not want her anymore, and is concerned with his public reputation. Betty wakes up and begins screaming, and talks of her being bewitched ensues. Parris has called in Reverend Hale, a supposed expert on witchcraft, to look at his daughter, and investigate what is going on. Hale suspects something is amiss with Abigail’s actions, and calls on Tituba who confesses to communicating with the devil. Abigail joins Tituba, and Betty also joins them in their accusing certain people of witchcraft. After a week, Elizabeth talks to her husband and asks him to expose Abigail as a fraud but John does not want to have anything to do with the whole issue. Elizabeth is hurt, thinks that John still has feelings for Abigail. They fight over John’s infidelity. Their maid Mary comes home and informs them that Elizabeth has been named as a witch. They continue fighting until some villagers drop by and say that their wives have been arrested, and shortly after officers come and arrest Elizabeth. John is aghast and pressures Mary to expose Abigail and the other girls as frauds. Proctor takes Mary to court so she could testify against the girls, the judge Danforth tells him that Elizabeth is pregnant and will be spared for some time. Proctor insists, and Mary tells the court that the girls are lying. The girls are called in and instead accuse Mary of bewitching them. Proctor then confesses he had an affair with Abigail and that she wants to get back at them, wanted to get rid of his wife. To test this claim, Danforth calls Elizabeth, but instead she lies to save her husband’s reputation. Danforth calls Proctor a liar, and Mary breaks down and accuses Proctor of being a witch. Proctor is consumed by rage and the court has him arrested. Hale sees all of these and quits. The season change, autumn has arrived. Abigail took Parris’ money and ran away. Neighboring towns are in unrest because of the witch trials in Salem. Danforth is anxious over these developments. Hale works with the accused witches and tries to convince them to yield and confess to save their lives. They refuse. Danforth talks to Elizabeth to ask John to confess. John tells her that he is not holding out because of religion, rather he wanted the men responsible to feel guilty because they know he is innocent. After a while he agrees to the confession, but he would not name other people as witches and tears up the confession. John is sent to the gallows with others. Hale and Parris ask Elizabeth to talk to John again, but Elizabeth refuses because her husband is finally standing up for goodness. The protagonist is John Proctor, the main character who undergoes a character change and wins the respect and sympathy of viewers. He starts off as a worldly man who is consumed by his lust which led him to have an affair with Abigail, and then even knowing about her lies he refuses to do anything because he is concerned about his name. Yet, he attempts to do something about it, by badgering Mary, without revealing his secret, his affair. When that does not work, he makes known his affair to convince the court that Abigail and the girl are lying, but Elizabeth lies for him. He was a weak character, he even considered signing a confession just to make it alive, but his transformation is complete when he would not falsely name others as witches. He reaches his point and realizes that he has lost his public reputation and all he has left is his conscience. The other character which went through a huge change is Hale, who begins as someone who feels important because he believes he specializes in a subject – witchcraft. But even when he started as haughty and acted as though he could determine the fate of others by determining if they are witches or not, he later sees the truth and the injustice of it all, sees through the hysteria. But he loses his sense of power, and instead advises the accused to surrender and confess even if the allegations are not true, just so their lives will be spared. He then becomes not a scion of light and strength, but an agent embodying submission, by giving importance to survival over than upholding and fighting for what is right and just. The other interesting character is Abigail, the young woman who plays villain in this story. She has a low status in Salem village being unmarried and orphan, and she uses the opportunity to get back not only at Elizabeth to win over John Proctor, but also at the privileged people in society. Thus she leads the girls to getting back at the judgment society has passed over them. Lastly, Proctor’s wife, Elizabeth, showed resilience and love for the protagonist. In a way, her love for him helped in transforming him. She was hurt with his infidelity, but she still thought of him and how important his name and reputation over her own judgments. In the end, she understood that John finally found goodness, one that is more true than the public reputation he so wanted to protect. All these events came about because of the characters in Salem – the village was puritanical, and quick to point the finger to wash themselves of suspicions. Abigail dabbled in witchcraft because she wanted Elizabeth dead and John for herself. John did not want to expose the truth because doing so would expose his secret affair and ruin his reputation as well. Even when there was no real reason for the deaths, it came to be because of the hysteria that Abigail whipped, her and the girls’ accusations of witchcraft. And because the people in village did not believe in tolerance, they wanted to see people get punished. But beneath these reasons lie deeper motivations. The people in Salem were not really spiritual – they may claim to be religious in the sense of following the rites of their religions strictly, of merging rule and religion as one. But in terms of the values taught, they were selfish and wanted only what would benefit the, what is in their interest. In the end, their actions were motivated by something rational – they wanted revenge, they wanted survival, they wanted resources. And this is human nature. The Crucible shows us what human nature is capable of going into unchecked, and must serve as reminder that we are not only creatures of survival, but that there is hope – we could rise above it and stand for what is good and just.

Multiple Sclerosis and Living Life

|Multiple Sclerosis and Living Life. | |[Type the document subtitle] | | | |Multiple sclerosis can be debilitating, however there are things that can be done to | |limit the amount of attacks a person may have. | | |Le’Sha Hairston | |10/10/2012 | | | Multiple Sclerosis and Living Life Le’Sha Hairston University Composition and Communication ll COM/156 Trista McCombs Multiple sclerosis and Living Life As a person with the disease! Knowing the effects first hand, Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease.With MS, the body's white blood cells attack tissues called myelin. Changes to your diet and life style can help slow down the effects of multiple sclerosis. Some days will be better than others, but a normal life can be lived with the disease. June 24, 2004 eight years ago I was diagnosed with â€Å"Multiple Sclerosis†. A quote from talk show host, author, actor, and philanthropist â€Å"Montel Williams†, when the neurologist said those words- †Å"you have (MS)† it hit me like a ton of bricks. â€Å"I thought I was diagnosed with a death sentence†. As a person with the disease! Knowing the effects first hand, Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease.With MS, the body's white blood cells attack tissues called myelin. Changes to your diet and life style can help slow down the effects of multiple sclerosis. Some days will be better than others, but a normal life can be lived with the disease Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that can be potentially debilitating to a person. Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which one’s immune system begins to attack the body. The white blood cells will attack a tissue in the body called the ‘Myelin’, which is the protective sheath covering of all nerve’s in the human body.By the Myelin being eating away this can and most likely will result in permanent damage to the nerve’s even deterioration, being that there is no reversible p rocess for (MS). There are many different symptoms for a person with Multiple sclerosis; it all depends on the damage and what particular nerves are affected. There is no cure for (MS), and the only way to determine is one has Multiple Sclerosis, is to rule out other diseases. Meaning using the process of elimination to determines one’s status. A person with a severe case of the disease will encounter many problems.Some of these problems are not having the ability to walk, talk, or any mobility at all. Even though there is no cure for the disease, there are strategies to treat an attack such as â€Å"anti-inflammatory medications†. Some of these medications are â€Å"Corticosteroids and Beta interferons†. Corticosteroids consist of different medications that decrease inflammation and help to reduce the symptoms and signs of inflammation. They also â€Å"suppress your immune system, which helps control the conditions in which your body’s immune system mis takenly attacks its own tissues† (http://www. mayoclinic. om/health/steroids/HQ01431), in thus case Multiple Sclerosis. Corticosteroids can be taken in many different ways such as: One can take corticosteroids by: †¢ By mouth. Tablets, capsules or syrups help treat the inflammation and pain associated with certain chronic conditions, such as arthritis and lupus. †¢ By inhaler and intranasal spray. These forms help control inflammation associated with asthma and nasal allergies. †¢ Topically. Creams, ointments and roll-ons can help heal many skin conditions. †¢ By injection. This form is used to treat such signs and symptoms as the pain and inflammation of tendinitis.While the six FDA-approved disease-modifying medications that treat multiple sclerosis are often successful in slowing the progression of (MS), like all drugs, they can also produce some side effects. The side effects of (MS) medications can range from mild (flulike symptoms or irritation at an injection site) to more serious (chest pain, an increased risk of heart toxicity, or even acute myelogenous leukemia, a kind of bone marrow cancer. So when taken any medication it should be consulted with your doctor on the best medication for any person to take while dealing with multiple sclerosis.Discussing all side effects will help the doctor know how tolerable you are to the medication. Any bruising, redness, swelling, itching, etc should be reported immediately. All the interferon’s such as Rebif, Avonex, and Betaferon can cause flulike response after an injection. This is managed by gradually starting with smaller does, then working up to full dose. Physical therapy is also another way to treat (MS) attacks, and modify the course of the disease as well as using muscle relaxants. Physical therapies that can be conducted are too help deal with the issues brought on by Multiple Sclerosis such as: Fatigue †¢ Pain †¢ Balance problems †¢ Coordination problems †¢ Weakness †¢ Immobility Physical therapy will help teach new movement techniques also. A healthy diet is something that should also be maintained when someone has Multiple Sclerosis. A person with a chronic illness should consume adequate calories including protein. This will help the body provide energy, heal any wounds and fight off any infections. A person with Multiple Sclerosis should maintain their weight, eat foods low in fat and cholesterol, and limit their sugar intake.Salt is something that should be moderate in a (MS) patient’s diet, along with drinking 8-8ounce glasses of water per day to maintain a good urinary track. Anyone with an illness should get plenty of rest, thus keeping the energy up. Anyone with Multiple Sclerosis can have a very fulfilling life. (MS) doesn’t have to determine the amount of fun you have. Yes it can become hard with all the medications and daily stipulations but it’s worth it to maintain life. I know someone w ho has had the disease since the age 19 years old. They woke up and couldn’t see anything, just flashing lights and a splitting headache.Rushed to the hospital and they couldn’t begin to explain the amount of testing that was done on them to gain a diagnosis. They had to make numerous changes in their life if they wanted t continue to be normal. These changes included not smoking (cigarettes), no alcohol, fatty foods, getting more rest, working less, being on many medications etc: an the list goes on. However, for the sake of their children and their family they were able to pull through. As they explained to me there are days that are great from them than there are days that is extremely hard. But it’s better than not being around at all as they said.There are days when their depression will set in and giving up is the only thing they want to do, doing so would be the easy way out. Fighting it to the end is the decision they made; having a wonderful support sys tem that keeping them motivated to live. Great children and a wonderful husband couldn’t ask for anything more. There’s nothing they can’t do everything is regular with some limitations. Multiple sclerosis is a potentially debilitating disease. However as long as you take your medications, exercise, and maintain a well balanced diet you can live a happy and normal life. It will also limit the amount of attacks a person will have.It doesn’t have to over take your life. Staying positive and having a great support system are strategies to help a person keep the faith and make it through. As a person with the disease! Knowing the effects first hand, Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune disease. With MS, the body's white blood cells attack tissues called myelin. Changes to your diet and life style can help slow down the effects of multiple sclerosis. Some days will be better than others, but a normal life can be lived with the disease. References: www. cnn. com www. mslifelines. com www. montelwilliams. com www. apolllolibrary. com www. everydayhealth. com

Fisionomia di un eroe

Fisionomia di un eroe Fisionomia di un eroe : l'individuo superiore nella letteratura europea di fine Ottocento(Huysmans, Wilde, d'Annunzio)"No, non cerco la felicit , ma il piacere, che tanto pi tragico."Oscar WildePremessaIn questo lavoro ho cercato di capire, attraverso l'analisi di tre romanzi che delineano la figura dell'individuo superiore, quali fossero le caratteristiche principali di tale personaggio sia nella letteratura che nella societ decadente.La ricerca non si basata solo sui romanzi, che comunque forniscono notizie sulla vita del tempo, ma anche su altri documenti che mi hanno permesso conoscere un'epoca e di individuare le idee dei sui principali rappresentanti.L'eroe infatti non rappresentato solo nella finzione narrativa, ma al contrario impersonificato dall'autore stesso, che, soprattutto nel periodo letterario, tende ad uniformare vita e arte, rendendone impercepibile e spesso inesistente la differenza.INTRODUZIONE AL DECADENTISMONel linguaggio comune decadente mantiene di solito una connotazione negativa, ma oggigiorno in letteratura diventato un attributo riferito ad un determinato periodo storico denominato appunto Decadentismo.English: French writer J.K. HuysmansQuesto momento letterario nasce al seguito del Romanticismo e da alcuni considerato una fase del Romanticismo stesso, tanto che si pu ² parlare di Decadentismo romantico e di Romanticismo decadente a seconda del prevalere di una delle due linee. In effetti Decadentismo e Romanticismo hanno numerosi caratteri comuni ed difficile tracciare una precisa linea che divida i due movimenti.Se infatti consideriamo il Romanticismo inglese ed il primo Decadentismo francese troviamo numerosi elementi di continuit come le raffinatezze descrittive e l'insistenza sulle cadenze musicali di Samuel Taylor Coleridge, che influirono su Edgar Allan Poe e quindi successivamente sui decadenti ; i libri profetici di William Blake, che anticiparono le teorie di Arthur Rimbaud sulla veggenza e sulla simbologia ; lo stesso gusto per la bellezza in John Keats, che ritorn ² come tematica nel...

How to prove youre a leader on your resume

How to prove youre a leader on your resume One of the more common phrases you’ll hear from us and others when crafting your resume is, â€Å"Show, don’t tell.† It’s kind of like explaining a joke- if you have to do it, then your audience has most likely missed your point. And keep in mind that your audience is likely reading dozens, if not hundreds, of resumes that say things like, â€Å"I’m a natural leader† or â€Å"I am detail-oriented.† Anyone can say those things- what they want to see is that you can do those things in a real-life setting. So let’s look at some key words to show, not tell, your leadership skills. The key element here is using strong, active verbs. You’re doing! You’re succeeding! You’re seizing control! You’re not passive! You’re going for Superman, not mild-mannered Clark Kent here. No matter how forceful you are in person, you won’t get the chance to prove that unless your resume gets past the initial gat ekeeper who reads it. Paint a picture with your words and you’ll get to the in-person step where you can wow them with your personality.If you want to show creativity and innovation, here are words you can use:TransformedPilotedRevitalizedRefinedImprovedModernizedRevitalizedCreatedOriginatedDevisedImplementedTransformedIf you want to show financial leadership, here are words you can use:Streamlined costsSpurred growthDrove growthNegotiatedCut costsReduced overheadIf you want to show efficiency, here are words you can use:StreamlinedSimplifiedIf you want to show team leadership, here are words you can use:MotivatedCoachedLedAdvocatedSupportedMentoredHeadedEngagedEnergizedEmpoweredIf you want to show influential leadership, here are words you can use:InspiredMobilizedNegotiatedInfluencedSteeredWon the support ofLobbiedVocabulary choices may seem like extra homework, and that five minutes with a thesaurus will do the trick. But really, you should treat it like a chance to make y our resume a living document, with real-world examples of the qualities you want your resume reader to see right away. After all, the average resume gets about ten seconds of reading time before the reader either puts it into the â€Å"next stage† pile or dumps it in the â€Å"next please† pile. Your chance to make an impression is extremely limited, and good word choices will help you stand out from other people in the crowd who may have similar backgrounds or qualifications.When you’re writing (or revamping) your resume, use these words to come up with more concrete bullet points throughout your resume. Four to six thoughtful, specific examples, combined with these powerful verbs, tell a story much faster and more clearly than six generic bullet points about â€Å"responsibilities.† It shows that you have the experience to back up your statements. And in the meantime, you’re not boring the reader with the 47th rendition of â€Å"I Have Demonstra ted Leadership, Believe Me.† Instead, you’re showing what you’ve done to be a leader.

Email Regarding Cell Phone Use While Driving Assignment

Email Regarding Cell Phone Use While Driving - Assignment Example Nowadays, it is seen that many traffic accidents are there because of usage of cell phones while driving. We should not ignore this crucial disadvantage of cell phone usage while driving. In accordance to the laws made for cell phone usage in Texas as described by Governors Highway Safety Association (2009), the novice drivers who do not have a six months experience are forbidden to use cell phones for calling and text messaging while driving. In addition, the drivers who are travelling with passengers equal to seventeen or more than seventeen are also restricted not to use cell phones (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, 2009). In the light of described laws, the drivers should use company provided cell phones but they should be experienced in driving. In addition, they are required to park their vehicles for using cell phones. They are not allowed to use cell phones while driving. There is no exception for drivers driving inside Texas and outside Texas. The sales representatives will adhere to the company policy of using cell phones that is to park their vehicle and then attend to any call or text message. By this way, neither the business nor the employees will be affected

The Internet and an Ethical Debate on Our Information Privacy Research Paper

The Internet and an Ethical Debate on Our Information Privacy - Research Paper Example Whatever happens in the future would be based on the Internet domains as has been evidenced by research within these quarters for quite a period of time now. Also the ethical debate surrounding the usage of the Internet has also been expressed so as to comprehend where the shortcomings and loopholes lie and how these can be plugged to achieve sound results at the end of the day. Internet has become a major force more so because the proponents of this platform have understood the due roles that are attached with it. They have found out that businesses can prosper and individuals can grow and develop in an able way if they make the best possible use of the Internet. This force is being made use of by the people who are at the helm of affairs and that too for a number of reasons, most of which are linked up with the rationale of providing profits and benefits for the sake of the business (Klosek, 2000:85). No business organization in this day and age can make-do without the use of the Internet and there is absolutely no denying this very fact. The huge pitfalls of not making use of the Internet are apparent and can be understood if one sees the business perspective in a balanced perspective. Hence when the understanding is laid out as far as the role of the Internet is concerned, there are many aspects that can be covered fully, and especially within the realm s of business alone (Holmes, 2006:116). The business regimes which have banked upon the due use of the Internet have benefited immensely yet the ones which have lost hope in its nuances have fallen short of the expected count, so much so that their business settings have almost faded away.

Community School Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Community School Model - Essay Example It involves the integration between community development, social and health services, family support, youth development, and academics. These schools’ organization is based on aiding students in learning, strengthening communities and families and succeeding. They also act as community centres for the provision of services catering for student learners and erection of bridges connecting communities, families, and schools. Not only do these schools provide an environment for the promotion of academic excellence, but they also provide services in mental health, physical health, and social services within the campus. As a result, the schools emerge as community hubs, which act as one-stop places for the provision of diverse needs that help the child achieve the best outcome possible. This paper seeks to describe the Full Service Community Schools and discuss its suitability for post-secondary settings. There are assumptions that schools are only meant for the service of deliveri ng academic skills and that the most effective way of developing a young person into capable and competent adult is by academic methods. However, it is also important to develop the youth emotionally and socially into capable and competent adults who are ready to be integrated into the workforce and be functional informed citizens (Cummings, 2011). The main ideal behind full service schools is that youths are best served when all concerned adults are brought together centrally. This facilitates the collaboration and communication of these select adults to cater for the youth’s needs in the development. The FSCS model has its basis in youth development research, after-school fields, and education. FSCSs are schools that have social service, wellness, behavioural health, enrichment, and academic components (Cummings, 2011). They open way past the regular school hours and their target markets for services and programs include community members, families, and parents. The model c an be implemented with the help of a partnership with local non-profit organizations. Through this, the school becomes a local hub for growth of relationships between organizations dealing with youth development, volunteers, students, families, and local businesses. Of special importance are the after-school enrichment and academic programs (Cummings, 2011). Participation in after-school programs develop youths positively by bettering school attendance, improving schoolwork attitudes, higher college aspirations, improved work habits and interpersonal skills, reduction in rates of dropout, and improved grades. Youths spend most of their time in school buildings and thus everything the student needs should be provided, at least in part, by the school (Dryfoos & Maguire, 2007). It allows parents the freedom not to re-arrange work schedules to care for the child, like taking them to a dentist, since these professionals are made available to the school. Family or individual health servic es for mental health are made available in the school. Most FSCS schools have a parent or family rooms where guardians or parents can talk freely and informally. In these classes, information on the insurance application, enrolment in classes for parent education, and participation in other adult enrichment activities is availed to the parents. Full Service Community Schools are built and designed on five conditions identified by the coalition for community schools aimed at creating an environment for

Schumpeterian Growth Model And Convergence Theory Economics Essay

Schumpeterian Growth Model And Convergence Theory Economics Essay The Schumpeterian model, developed by Aghion and Howitt (1992) is an economic growth model that includes technological improvements, or innovation. This leads to the process of creative destruction where the advancement of new technologies renders the old obsolete. To give a theoretical example, colour mobile phones have replaced the old black and white ones in stores. Also the advancement of mobile phone technology could mean less need for wrist watches or cameras. This is based on the work pioneered by Joseph Schumpeter (1950) where innovators are the drivers of economic growth. He popularised the use of the term creative destruction or Schà ¶pferische Zerstà ¶rung. The efficiency frontier, used interchangeably with technological frontier, is based on growth with technological progress. It describes how technological implementation affects the growth rate of countries depending on their relative level of technological development. An industrialising country is far behind the frontier so has a large advantage by adopting the technologies of wealthier countries. As the economy moves closer to the frontier the effectiveness of this practise is abated. Hence policies that are effective in one economy could be detrimental in another depending on their level of industrialisation. This has implications on the theory on convergence. If a country is positively investing in RD they should be able to maintain economic growth. The way a country converges and if convergence is possible depends party on its comparative level of development and in part on its economic policies. Hence the Schumpeterian theory is that of club convergence. there are different lev els of convergences; a country moves towards the same frontier to that of his technological peers. This paper looks at the basic model of Schumpeterian growth and then applies it examine why growth rates differ across countries. The remainder of the paper is set out as follows: section 2 provides a brief literature review, section 3 presents the model. An application of the Schumpeterian model is looked at in section 4 where the effect of technological advancement is used to examine the technological frontier. Section 5 is an empirical testing of the model including the efficiency frontier is looked at in section 4. Section 6 looks at convergence due to technological advancement. and section 7 concludes and suggests areas for future research. Section 2: Literature review Majority of the work in this field has been undertaken by Aghion and Howitt. They developed the original model and have released a number of papers, together and corroborating with others, that expand the model. They have also done work on the technological frontier. Acemoglu has also published a prominent amount of literature in this field. Barro and Sala-i-Martin (2004) have provided a good algebraic model which is replicated in the next section. Jones (1995), Young (1998) and subsequently Dinopoulos and Thompson (1998) have developed neo-Schumpeterian models to remove scale affects. Empirical literature testing the accuracy of the model is rare, especially for countries outside the EU (excluding the USA). Most empirical literature discovered is testing other theories within the context of the Schumpeterian growth model. Zachariadis (2002) gives an overview of previous empirical literature and finds that most conform to the Schumpeterian model. He then does his own analysis and concurs that an increase in technological progress has a positively affects the growth rate of output. Teixeira and Vieira (2004) examine the relationship between productivity and human capital in Portugal. They find the pattern conforms to the Schumpeterian model of creative destruction. A problem with the literature is that they all use statistics on patent approval as a measure of technological development. The Schumpterian growth model is concerned with technological improvement in general, not just new innovations, so in this case imitation could also be included. The problem is that it is difficult to find data on imitation rates in an economy. Xu (2000) attempts to solve this problem by using data on the rate of technology transfers from US multinational enterprises to both developed and developing economies. Empirical literature also tends to focus on the USA, whom is at the forefront of the efficiency frontier. This could result in an underestimation on the effects of RD on growth because there is no effect from technological transfer at the head of the frontier. Once again Aghion and Howitt are prominent researchers in the field of Schumpeterian convergence. Howitt (2000) provided a framework which was later developed into a model (Howitt Mayer-Foulkes, 2004). Krugmans paper (1994) was seminal in literature on growth accounting, an early paper on Schumpeterian convergence. He argued the miraculous growth rates experience by the Soviet Union and in Asia were simply a product of large scale increases in input. There must be technological change for growth to be sustainable. Section 3: The model In the Schumpeterian growth paradigm, growth in driven by technological change. Here new technologies replace the old in a process described as creative destruction (Durlauf, 2010). In this model we assume new technologies are completely substitutable for the old ones. So as new technologies are invented they completely drives out the old technology from the marketplace. Innovation leads to a higher level of output being achieved for a given level of capital and labour than was previously possible which enables the economy to transcend the law of diminishing returns (Weil, 2005). Figure 1 in the appendix shows the law of diminishing returns where the purple line indicates the higher output possibility with technological improvement. The country acquires this new technology either through innovation or imitation. There are three players in the model: producers, innovators and consumers (Barro Sala-i-Martin, 2004). Innovators perform RD in order to develop new technologies. Those that are successful receive monopoly rents from the product due to patents. Note that the latest innovator has a efficiency advantage compared to the previous innovator but he has a disadvantage compared to the next. This is because the latest innovator is able to expand upon past knowledge in his creation of new technologies. This is shown in Figure 2. The successful innovator has the right to sell his idea to a final good producer, at this stage the profit stream to the previous innovator is terminated. The model makes several assumptions about the producers. There are a fixed amount Ñ products in the economy of varying quality. Each new producer is different from the old producer. So when innovations are made the old producer receives no more profit and the new producer takes over the market. Therefore the industry leader has the first mover advantage. The duration of dominance in the market is random (Barro Sala-i-Martin, 2004). The products are placed on a quality ladder, as shown in Figure 3. There are Ñ different goods of quality K. An improvement in a certain good corresponds with a movement up the ladder, an increase in K. Figure 4 shows the quality ladder for an individual product. Here we can see that duration between quality improvements and the size of quality improvements are both random. An incomplete, simplistic version of the growth model is as follows: in an economy with a fixed amount Ñ products, output is given by Yi = ALi1-ÃŽÂ ± .à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœNj=1 (qKjXij)ÃŽÂ ± where Yi is output in industry i, given A is the technology parameter, L is labour input and qKjXij is the quality, K, adjusted amount of the jth type of intermediate good X in industry i. If P is price, a firm maximises profit with Yi wLi à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœNj=1 Pjxij Demand for product X equals the marginal cost of production Xj = L. [AÃŽÂ ±qÃŽÂ ±Kj/Pj]1/(1-ÃŽÂ ±) The monopoly profit, à Ã¢â€š ¬Kj, for the innovator is the difference between the price of the product and marginal cost of production à Ã¢â€š ¬Kj =(Pj -1)Xj If Zj Kj is the flow of resources (as in figure 1) and à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ is random then an innovator faces probability of success pKj = Zj Kj.à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Kj and with ÃŽÂ ¶ as a parameter equal to the cost of doing research à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ is equal to à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢kj = (1/ÃŽÂ ¶). q-(kj+1).ÃŽÂ ±/(1-ÃŽÂ ±) which is an endogenous variable (Barro Sala-i-Martin, 2004: 321-22). The consumers are interested in consuming the latest good. If ÃŽÂ ¸ is a constant representing the elasticity of marginal utility, in other words the willingness to substitute and (r à Ã‚ ) is a marker of growth over time then household consumption grows by ÄÅ  /C = (1/ÃŽÂ ¸).(r à Ã‚ ) The interest rate can be defined as a function of profit flow, ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬, the cost of doing research, ÃŽÂ ¶, and the probability of success r =( ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬/ÃŽÂ ¶) p So the amount of resources devoted to RD in sector j at k quality can be defined as Zkj = q(kj+1).ÃŽÂ ±/(1-ÃŽÂ ±).(ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬ rÃŽÂ ¶) Hence aggregate RD spending is à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœNj=1 Zkj= qÃŽÂ ±/(1-ÃŽÂ ±)Q.(ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬ rÃŽÂ ¶) Q is the aggregate level of quality improvements. The growth rate of Q is equal to ÃÅ'†¡Q/Q = ( ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬/ÃŽÂ ¶ r).[qÃŽÂ ±/(1-ÃŽÂ ±) 1] If we algebraically substitute the above equation into the the consumption growth equation, allowing for r =( ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬/ÃŽÂ ¶) p we get the growth rate ÃŽÂ ³ ÃŽÂ ³ = [qÃŽÂ ±/(1-ÃŽÂ ±) 1] . [( ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬/ÃŽÂ ¶) à Ã‚ ] 1+ÃŽÂ ¸ . [qÃŽÂ ±/(1-ÃŽÂ ±) 1] We can see growth increases with economic profit flows, ÃÅ'„à Ã¢â€š ¬, and quality enhancements, q, but decreasing with the cost of research, ÃŽÂ ¶, and the utility parameters à Ã‚  and ÃŽÂ ¸ (Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 2004: 91, 327-31). The basic model has been expanded upon in recent literature. Aghion et al (2001) relaxes the assumption that the monopoly rent receiver will cease to innovate while he receives the rents. In this model there are two firms in an industry so the rent receiver must continue to innovate in order to keep up with the industry leader. This is important because leap frogging is not possible in this model and competition is important for growth. I was unable to find empirical testing of this framework but the assumptions made are more realistic to the real world. For example, when Nintendo invented the gameboy in the 1990s, they did not wait for the competitors to develop hand held gaming devices before they made improvements to the original gameboy. The paper also proposes that a small level of imitation is always good for growth because it encourages competition. Contrastingly, large levels of imitation is detrimental. This issue is explored further in the next section. Aghion et al. (2005) introduce credit constraints into there model. In reality poorer countries are restricted in how much they can imitate because they do not have enough money. Poorly functioning financial institutions or markets limit the flow of credit to potential entrepreneurs. Another line of research was pioneered by Jones (1995) we he brought into light the problems with assuming scale affects. Scale affects arise because the in the classic Schumpeterian model, Aghion and Howitt (1992) assume productivity will rise as the population increases but this has not been empirically supported (Durlauf, 2010). Aghion and Howitt (1998) acknowledged the correction to their model and have also incorporated growth effects into their new model. Dinopoulos and Thompson (1998) have also based work on Jones model by modifying the welfare effects. Section 4: Efficiency Frontier The Schumpeterian model describes growth due to technological progress. The productivity parameter is shown as a change in technology between two periods. If ÃŽÂ ¼n is the frequency innovations take place, ÃŽÂ ¼m the frequency of implementation and ÃŽÂ ³ is a multiple of the new technology we can write the productivity parameter as At+1 At = ÃŽÂ ¼n(ÃŽÂ ³-1)At + ÃŽÂ ¼m(At-At) and we can describe the growth rate,g, as the percentage change in productivity between the two periods (At+1 At)/At g = ÃŽÂ ¼n(ÃŽÂ ³-1) + ÃŽÂ ¼m(ÃŽÂ ±-1-1) where ÃŽÂ ±-1 = At/Äâ‚ ¬t (Durlauf 2010: 232). This leads us to the theory of the technological frontier. The country at the forefront of the frontier is the most technologically progressive economy, which has typically been the USA (Griffth et al. year). The distance of a country to the frontier impacts the effectiveness of adopting technologies and policies on growth. This is used to explain the experience of the slowdown of european growth after the 1970s. It cannot be explained by the Solow model as Europe had much higher levels of savings (Aghion Howitt 2006: 270). An alternative explanation is the lower frequency of technological implementation in Europe meant the continent could not keep up with the USA in terms of growth during the technological revolution during the 1980s. The technological frontier is captured algebraically by à £ = ÃŽÂ ¼m/(g + ÃŽÂ ¼m ÃŽÂ ¼n(ÃŽÂ ³-1)) which is the steady state value of at (Durlauf 2010: 233). Gerschenkrons theory of backwardness is incorporated into the model above. Gerschenkron (1962) proposed that relatively backwards economies could achieve high levels of growth by investing RD into imitating technologies of the advanced countries. Relating it to this model, economies far behind the frontier could move closer to à £ by enabling a large increase in ÃŽÂ ¼m because it is quicker to mimic technologies instead of inventing new ones. This result is true for OECD countries (Griffith et al 2000: 893) At the lower stage of development countries are advantaged by implementing anti-competitive policies that would encumber growth at later stages of development. For example, having many state owned enterprises means lower competition. This means an economy should not rely on investment based strategies for a prolonged period of time, at later stages of development they should start to encourage innovation instead. Investment based strategies are those that protect certain indus tries, foster strong relationships between firms and workers and between firms and banks, and encourage high levels of savings (Acemoglu et al 2006: 38-9). The German and Japanese economic model is an example of this. Although perhaps not the best example as both economies also place importance on innovation. Figure 6 shows the relationship between distance to the frontier and barriers to competition. This confirms that the closer a country is to the frontier, the more detrimental barriers to competition are to growth by the significant negative coefficient in all estimates for this relationship. The relationship between distance to the frontier and low barriers on growth is less negative and not significant (Acemoglu et al. 2006: 42-43). Most papers find tacit knowledge to be an important factor when adapting technologies. In this case location and close relationships with developed countries is important because the information can be easily passed on. An example was given in Grif fith et al (2004: 883) of when the British supplied the Americans with jet planes during the Second World War. The planes had to be redrawn to comply with American standards, a process which took ten months. Even once a country has sufficiently developed institutions or a high level of human capital it could still be at a disadvantage because it does not have the knowledge implicit in other regions. In the case of USA versus European economic growth, one aspect not covered by the model is that Europe is made up of many different countries with different attitudes. Hence fiscally responsible nations like Germany need to make up for large spending nations like Greece and Hungary. Countries like France and Sweden have highly developed social welfare systems, which impede growth, while the US welfare system is notoriously poor. On the other hand the social welfare systems can also play into the Schumpeterian model. For example, firm entry and exit rates are far lower in Europe, partly because Europeans tend to be more cautious in entrepreneurship and failure is not as heavily stigmatised in the US (Verheul et al 2002: 230). Firm turnover is part of creative destruction. Note that high entry and exit rates are only important at the head of the frontier. As described above, they should be low when a country is far behind the frontier, consistent with anti-competitive behaviour. The importance of technological progress for growth is seen in the examples of the Soviet Union in the 1950s and the East Asian miracle in the 1990s. These countries moved rapidly towards the frontier during their respective years of growth but it was unable to be sustained and they never reached the frontier. The high growth rates have been found to have resulted from large scale increases to input (Krugman, 1997) in other words from government investment and growing populations. The governments failed to successfully switch to innovation strategies and the growth rates faltered. A similar phenomenon appears to be unfolding at the moment in China. Once the population growth rate starts to decrease it remains to be seen whether they can continue to sustain their economic growth. An government then faces the problem of when to switch from policies promoting catch up growth to those enabling competition. Acemoglu et al. (2006: 64) has derived an algebraic model capturing the point where an economy should switch strategies The turning point is a function of ÃŽÂ ¼, innovation incentive, ÃŽÂ ´, anti-competition and à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾, the fraction of government subsidised investment. This equation also incorporates the spillovers, cost of the investment, the skills of the entrepreneur and the amount of high skilled agents in the economy. The full model is explained in Acemoglu et al (2006). If the economy were to transfer before the turning point was reached it would lose the advantage of backwardness and also may not have industries developed enough to compete globally. On the other hand if it remains in the investment stage for too long it may risk falling into the non convergence trap. Growth levels stagnate because total factor productivity is not increasing with the global standard. The problem with this model is that it is simplistic. There are many factors hard to capture in economic model. An example is poorly developed countries tend to have high levels of corruption. Powerful business leaders could influence the decision not to switch away from the investment strategy. In the case above with the Soviet Union there were political problems hindering growth when communism fell. Another problem is that the communist destroyed large amounts of resources with their inefficient techniques. Large amounts of land became in-arable due to pollution and untapped oil became inaccessible. Natural resources or geographic local could also affect growth. For example the EU has great benefits to member countries. There could be problems mobilising the population from rural to urban areas such as in Africa. Sociologist literature places emphasis in a national psyche that influences economic growth. This is common in entrepreneurial literature when examining regional motivatio nal difference but discredited somewhat in economic literature. The example previously used in this paper is that America is more entrepreneurial because of its emphasis on individualism and willing acceptance of change. This is a reason for their strong growth. The empirical testing of the above framework is looked at in the next section. Education is another important factor to consider in growth models. Does higher human capital result in economic growth. One might assume with a highly educated population there is greater likelihood of successful innovations. Yet as described in the above scale effects literature this is not automatically true. A country with a basic primary and secondary education may advance in the earlier stages of development but there are diminishing returns to scale as the country progresses towards the frontier. For countries near to the frontier a greater emphasis must be placed on tertiary education. Table 1 shows the educational attainments of 5 large OECD countries. USA and Japan both have relatively high levels and France has been quite low. Table 2 shows Japan and the US have had the highest levels of productivity growth over the period and the Netherlands was low. The amount of total patents shown in Table 3 shows a different ranking. The USA and Japan still at the top but Germany has also performed highly. France and Netherlands have granted a far lower amount of patents. These figures are too superficial to make any conclusions and further research should be done on this issue but it seems tertiary education is unrelated to patent number but could be one of many contributing factors towards productivity growth. It might be useful to look at increases in education rates and compare it to increases in patent rates to see if tertiary education has an affect on innovation when close to the frontier. Section 5: Empirical evidence There have been examples of data from various countries conforming to the Schumpeterian model of growth, as a closer fit than captured by the Solow model. Venturini (2010) have taken data from the US economy. He has expanded the model to include ÃŽÂ ´, the rate at which ideas become obsolete. He finds only a weak fit to the Schumpeterian model but acknowledges that this could be to do with a bias formed from the underlying assumptions of the framework. Teixeira and Vieira (2004) find the Schumpeterian model fits the case of regional Portuguese data. They estimated an econometric model of human capital, firm productivity and firm failure rates. The main finding is that regions with higher levels of income and human capital have higher failure rates on average, a process of creative destruction. Clydesdale (2007) finds the Chinese economic growth is hampered by not engaging a technological enhancement strategy. The Chinese economy is restricted by being overly ridgid and too special ised, making change difficult (Clydesdale, 2007: 71). Recent Chinese growth has been found to be resultant from a large scale increase in the quantity of inputs rather than from improvement in input quality. Historically this has not been a sustainable method of growth, for example the former USSR. Zachariadis (2010) used a neo-Schumpeterian model to estimate an RD steady state on the US manufacturing industry. He empirical evidence that scale effects do not exist in Schumpeterian growth (Figure 6). Between 1957 and 1989 levels of RD remained constant as did technological progress despite an obvious increase in population (Zachariadis, 2002: 569). The main finding in the paper is that RD has a strong positive affect on patent rates and is probably a cause of growth. Although most papers rely on data on patents to estimate technological progress, Xu (2000) measures technology spillovers from US multinational enterprises on 40 different countries. He finds that technology spillovers have a positive affect on productivity growth as long as they have met a certain level of human capital accumulation. This means countries that are relatively undeveloped like Brazil. These results are consistent with the findings of Aghion and Howitt (2006) above where developed countries have a greater emphasis on tertiary education and therefore a greater ability to innovate. Poorer countries need to reach a certain level of knowledge before they can successfully adapt technologies. As they move further towards the frontier the emphasis must shift to innovation in order to keep growing. Positive affects on productivity are still felt in the poorly developed economy but from other causes (Xu, 200: 479). Griffith et al (2000) made a study in OECD countries on the effe cts of RD imitation in catching up to the efficiency frontier. As with Zachariadis, Griffith et al. find an affect on patents from RD. They also find human capital affects innovation and imitation but international trade does not have a significant affect. Figure 7 was taken directly from their paper. TFPGAP is a measure of distance to the frontier and robust standard errors are in parentheses. Column 1 shows a positive, significant relationship of technology transfers on productivity growth, and in column 2 they introduce the effects of RD growth, also significant. In column 3 the level of RD and the relationship between RD is positive. The greater the distance to the frontier, the greater the chance of technology transfers to positively affect RD and growth but only at a ten per cent significance level. Aghion et al (2005) theoretically and empirically test the importance of financial development on convergence. This paper examines the role of financial development in supporting or hindering technological progress, the main force behind economic growth. Figure 8 shows average financial development and per capita GDP. There is a positive relationship between the two factors. There is no longer a positive affect of financial development on growth once a country reaches approximately a 39 per cent level of development, which is the level of Greece (Aghion et al 2005: 190) Section 6: Convergence Convergence is the concept that all countries will move towards the same economic growth rate. Convergence is theoretically possible because of the advantage of backwardness Gerschenkron (1962). Pritchett (1997) found that over the past 140 years that while the major economies moved towards convergence, there has been an overall divergence between the rich and the poor. This is the main idea driving the section on the efficiency frontier. First countries most mobilise resources, as seen with the large scale increases in inputs. They most also develop economic and financial institutions able to withstand and support prolonged growth. Technological progress is the last stage of convergence. This is the newer theory of club convergence (Howitt and Mayer-Foulkes, 2004). Based on Schumpeterian growth theory, countries move towards different steady states determined by their level of development. The richest countries benefit from technology transfers amongst each other but the poorer grou p must reach the appropriate level of human capital to be able to support advanced technology first. Global convergence begun in the later stages of the industrial revolution where European countries and the new world countries: USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand began to move towards similar growth rates (Pritchett 1997). However the poorer countries were not able to match such progress. In fact the opposite happened; during the period 1870 to 1990 the ratio between rich and poor went from 8.7 to 45 times the GDP per capita (Krugman, 1997: 11). Howitt (2000) theorised that while countries are making positive investments in RD they should eventually converge to the long run growth path . This is because innovations in other countries can be easily adopted as long as the country has the appropriate underlying institutions (Howitt, 2000: 830). Hence we have club convergence as shown in Figure 9. Growth path A represents those countries investing in modern RD and at the forefront of the efficiency frontier. Line B are those countries in the catch-up stage who have not reach reached the innovation stage of development. This could be a representation of countries such as the BRIC nations (Brazil, Russia, India and China), or the eastern tigers of the 1990s. Countries that are growing rapidly but that must make a structural and political change before they are completely industrialised. Line C are those countries that started far behind the rest and are too poorly developed to start converging and, though they are growing, are classified third world countries. Countries that are not investing at all in RD would be a flat line along the x axis. This is probably only the experience of remote amazonian tribes and other communities removed from the modern world and so are not included in the model. Mayer-Foulkes (2000) proposes there are five clubs of convergence, experiencing divergence between groups. The richest group has the highest average steady state growth. Of the five groups, three describe different levels of development. In Mayer-Foulkes (2000) model development is defined by level of income, to represent propensity to innovate, and by average life expectancy, to show the level of human development. Groups 1, 3 and 5 represent high, medium and low levels of development, respectively. The other two groups, 2 and 4, are transiting to a higher level of development. Figure 10 shows the geographic locations were groups members are situated. This is mostly what is expected above except the BRIC nations are not in the one group. India for example is in group 4 (Mayer-Foulkes, 2002: 8). Interestingly Argentina Uruguay are in the highest group. and Latin America dominates the third group and the lowest group has only two non African members. Note that Eastern Europe has not b een included. Three groups have been recognised as existing outside the model: the ex-Soviet countries; other countries that were previously, or are currently socialist; and countries that are mainly oil-exporting. These groups experience a different growth pattern to the rest of the world and so are not converging to any of the steady states in other groups. In this model the economy produces a single good Zt with output dependent on the input of intermediate goods i at date t, denoted by x(i)t and à Ã¢â‚¬  , a parameter representing the non-technological aspects of total factor productivity Zt = à Ã¢â‚¬  L1-ÃŽÂ ± à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ «o1 At(i)1-ÃŽÂ ±xt(i)ÃŽÂ ± di The probability that an entrepreneur innovates, ÃŽÂ ¼, is increasing with the skill level of entrepreneurs, St, the productivity of the innovation, ÃŽÂ », and the quantity of inputs, zt. ÃŽÂ · is the Cobb-Douglas exponent of skills in innovation and Äâ‚ ¬t+1 is the global frontier. Such that and the division by the global frontier represents the fact that as technologies become more advanced innovation becomes harder (Howitt Mayer-Foulkes, 2004:8,10). Note, this last assumption may not be realistic because inventions such as the steam train, electricity and computers have resulted in large increases in innovation. St = à Ã¢â‚¬ ºAt where à Ã¢â‚¬ º is the entrepreneurs level of education. It follows that the equilibrium rate of innovation is As at = At / Äâ‚ ¬t the local human capital level is compared to the global standard and the difficulty of coming from behind is captured in the equation. Greater values of At mean the country is at an advantage. Howitt and Mayer-Foulkes refer to this as the absorption affect (2004: 11) because the probability of innovation is proportional to the skill level. Diving the national factors by the world growth rate gt implies an increase in growth globally hinders the rate of innovation. These are important because it represents the countries ability to effectively incorporate new technologies into its own economy, thus the basis of the club convergence model. A low value of at implies a disadvantage of backwardness. Hence a countrys productivity can advance in to ways; independently or towards the global standard On average At+1 = ÃŽÂ ¼tÄâ‚ ¬t+1 + (1-ÃŽÂ ¼t)At dividing both sides by the world productivity in the next period yields In this case there is no absorption effect, so Gerschenkrons (1962) advantage of backwardness would apply (Howitt Mayer-Foulkes, 2004: 12). In the above section the USA was acknowledged as the efficiency frontier. The USA is still a country, therefore the productivity rate of the efficiency frontier can be written as ÃŽÂ ¼tUS = ÃŽÂ ¼US.atUS 1 + gt The growth of the USA would be the world growth rate. In this case gt = à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼tUS where à Ã†â€™ is a spillover affect from similarly advanced countries, line A in Figure

Kilgore Trout as Kurt Vonneguts Alter Ego :: Biography Biographies Essays

Kilgore Trout as Kurt Vonnegut's Alter Ego In 1922, two residents of Indianapolis, Indiana had a son who would later become one of the premiere writers in 20th century American literature. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. was born to Edith and Kurt Sr. on November 11, 1922. He graduated from Shortridge High School in 1940, attended Cornell University for a year, then joined the army. He fought in World War II and was captured by the Germans in 1944. As a Prisoner of War, he lived through the firebombing of Dresden, an event which inspired his acclaimed novel, Slaughterhouse-Five. After he returned from Europe in April of 1945, he married Jane Marie Cox and spent several years studying at the University of Chicago and working as a reporter for the Chicago City News Bureau. In 1947, he went to work at General Electric Corporation as a research laboratory publicist. He worked there for 3 years until he left to become a full time writer in 1950. In the past 47 years, he has become one of the most acclaimed writers of our time. Kurt Vonnegut's first novel was entitled Player Piano and was published in 1952. Since then, he has written over a dozen other novels, collections of short stories, a collection of essays and interviews, and a play, Happy Birthday Wanda June. He spent 1965 in residence at the University of Iowa Writer's Workshop and taught writing at Harvard in 1970. He also was awarded a M.A. degree from the University of Chicago. Vonnegut currently appears on the Barnes and Noble Booksellers bag and is featured on a Visa commercial in which he buys a copy of one of his own books. If one looks through Vonnegut's works, one will find many occurrences of reoccurring characters, settings, and themes. Perhaps one of the most frequently occurring characters is Kilgore Trout, an obscure science-fiction writer with a small but